Skip to main content
Al-Daleel journal
  • Website: https://www.iasj.net/iasj/issue/11806
    E-mail: aldaleeljournal@gmail.com
    Qom: Mu’allim rd. Nashiran Complex, groundfloor, no. 45, Imam Husain Shrine bookstore, Iran.
    Tel: +982537842568
  • +982537842568

Al-Daleel journal

  • Al-Daleel journal is an international peer-reviewed open-access quarterly journal published by the Al-Daleel Institut... moreedit
Contemporary atheism includes many different types, unlike previous atheism, which represented one sect based on a specific authority. In this article, we have tried, through the descriptive, analytical and critical approach, to explain... more
Contemporary atheism includes many different types, unlike previous atheism, which represented one sect based on a specific authority. In this article, we have tried, through the descriptive, analytical and critical approach, to explain the mental and logical confusions in which the followers of the deistic trend-the most dangerous types of new atheismhave fallen. This danger lies in that deism promotes itself as a mediator between religion and atheism. Moreover, the article tries to introduce this type of thought and show the motives that have made the followers of this current to adopt it as a doctrine and thought, beside showing the cognitive sources relied on in forming its intellectual system and the approach followed by them, and also showing the deists' way of thinking and conception of God. After that, the article criticizes the arguments that deists assume to support their doctrine. It also discusses the wisdom of the prophets' being human, and the sending of messengers with divine missions. Finally, we have got to the necessity of divine religious legislations and their important role in man's perfection, without depending only on the role of reason in revealing all the facts that would lead man to his sought perfection.
The study is based on the assumption that science in its systematic sense is a potential, gradual and changing reality; therefore, we can distinguish between four elements in it: doer, potential, form and purpose. And this is according to... more
The study is based on the assumption that science in its systematic sense is a potential, gradual and changing reality; therefore, we can distinguish between four elements in it: doer, potential, form and purpose. And this is according to a systematic analytical approach to the requirements of these four elements from an Islamic point of view. Our approach will be based on theoretical frameworks and predetermined premises. And since the fact that human relations are of a networked reality, the discussion of this topic will not be from one angle, but, due to the reality and the studied topic, this discussion will be organized and multifaceted. We will also distinguish between man as a subject in the humanities from man as a subject in the empirical sciences. Therefore, characteristics such as choice and self-awareness will make the presenting theories about man more complicated than natural subjects, and will go beyond the sources of knowledge, used to confirm or refute the theories that are limited to experience and its consequences, to, revelation and the traditions of the Infallible as reliable sources to prove the theories put forward. The direct purpose of human sciences is to show the various man's relationships and behaviors in the individual and social sphere. As for the indirect purpose, it is the changing if the existing situation into the desired Islamic situation. Given these direct and indirect purposes, science is formed from holistic and organized issues, guiding issues and descriptive issues.
The concept of freedom is one of the cognitive concepts that have many connotations and concepts which differ from one view to another. It is not one of the concepts where its scientific and intellectual implications have been agreed on,... more
The concept of freedom is one of the cognitive concepts that have many connotations and concepts which differ from one view to another. It is not one of the concepts where its scientific and intellectual implications have been agreed on, even if they are compatible in the results. Every thinker looks at the concept of freedom from his own perspective, and the reason behind the difference of the concept of freedom is that which made thinkers differ in giving a comprehensive and specific definition about the concept, besides the circumstances surrounding each individual, which affect each one of them positively or negatively. According to these reasons, there are many definitions of freedom. Therefore, we find them trying to found a system according to a certain method that may attain justice and equality in rights and duties. From among these liberal approaches, which see that man has the right to do whatever he likes, there are some that calls for absolute freedom with an individualistic tendency. However, this liberal approach does not give the right view of human freedom, and it cannot be successful at the actual practically and ideologically application. If it is compared with the Islamic view of freedom, we clearly see its failure. The Islamic approach has established perfect foundations for man's dignity, advancement and the preservation of all his rights towards himself and towards others. Islam has given a full and perfect system to save man from all restrictions that may prevent him from exercising his freedom.
This article attempts to explain and criticize Kierkegaard's theory of faith, that is, to explain the nature of faith from Kierkegaard's viewpoint. It tries to critique and analyze it, showing the problems that can be answered and the... more
This article attempts to explain and criticize Kierkegaard's theory of faith, that is, to explain the nature of faith from Kierkegaard's viewpoint. It tries to critique and analyze it, showing the problems that can be answered and the consequences thereof. Kierkegaard gives several evidences to support what he thinks that the evidences in horizons are alien to faith, rather they may refute it, and that the truth is a self matter coming out of the ontological relationship between man and God, and that the main characteristic of faith is the enthusiasm coming out of risk; Therefore, he does not see that reason has a role in faith, except the confession of failure and inability to interfere in the area of faith. According to Kierkegaard, the perfection of faith lies in its opposition to reason. Faith does not need evidence; so, he thinks that even if religious issues can be proven, this proof will not serve religion and faith, but, in fact, it would be a tool for destroying the spirit of faith. Faith does not need proof. We have got to many important consequences of this theory, the most important ones of which are: separation of religion from public life, making religion unable to have any influence on social life, and unable to have a general measure for evaluating , that is reason.
One of the important studies on religious epistemology is the study of the relativity of religious knowledge; for it requires many serious consequences, such as religious pluralism, Hermeneutics, multi-interpretations, transcendent unity... more
One of the important studies on religious epistemology is the study of the relativity of religious knowledge; for it requires many serious consequences, such as religious pluralism, Hermeneutics, multi-interpretations, transcendent unity of religions, and other results, in which epistemological approach has turned to another orientation. We have tried to show the foundations and premises on which relativity can be based, focusing on the theses of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant with analyzing and criticizing them. The study has concluded that all the attempts, on which relativism has been based from the analysis of perception according to the Kantian views, or according to materialism or subjective relativity. However, all of this cannot be acceptable; because it brings science out of its and methodology state to its state of generation of perceptions. And this leads to a complete rupture between perception and objective reality of perceived facts. Hence, all the results that have been based on relativity would collapse; for it has been claimed that relativism is not compatible with the denial of realism, but it rather makes each person have a share of the truth.
The topic of the article is the study of the relationship of reason and revelation in the philosophical approach of Thomas Aquinas, the Christian philosopher. The study highlights the most important foundations of Aquinas's philosophical... more
The topic of the article is the study of the relationship of reason and revelation in the philosophical approach of Thomas Aquinas, the Christian philosopher. The study highlights the most important foundations of Aquinas's philosophical approach, especially the most important philosophical-theological issue. It is the relationship between reason and revelation, and how Aquinas attempted to use revelation and reason in order to found the most important Christian theological beliefs, how to make use of philosophy to explain those beliefs, how to defend Christian thought, theology and beliefs, and prove that it would not contradict reason. Moreover, the study discusses Aquinas's reformative impact on Christian thought, and how he has quoted many philosophical issues from the Peripatetic school, especially the philosophical views of Ibn Sina (Avicenna). Aquinas also has greatly been affected by the views of Ibn Rushd al-Andalusi (Averroes), who had explained the philosophy of Aristotle. Therefore, the philosophy of Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina is the original source of Aquinas's philosophy that has overcome the whole Europe since the thirteenth century, especially in his attempt to synthesize reason and Christian revelation, or wisdom and the Shariah.
The study discusses the impact of pragmatic philosophy on secularism in terms of principles and results. Pragmatic philosophy, which thinks that correct and true idea is that which gives practical results according to empirical... more
The study discusses the impact of pragmatic philosophy on secularism in terms of principles and results. Pragmatic philosophy, which thinks that correct and true idea is that which gives practical results according to empirical foundations, has gone to extremes by adopting the experimental method that is based on the discovering of material phenomena, as it has tried to exclude the metaphysical knowledge from ordinary life, and make individuals as the center and measure of everything in life. Secularism has come to existence in order to exclude religion and keep it away from social life. Studies show, with no doubt, that pragmatism has had a clear impact on secularism. Therefore, secularism, as does pragmatism, tries to focus on practical experience regarding it as man’s most important tool, neglecting the other cognitive dimensions that have a dynamic role in shaping man’s intellectual movement. In this article, we have tried to criticize the most important principles advocated by pragmatic philosophy and their influence on secularism. We have mentioned this influence in terms of principles such as humanism and utilitarianism, which had a big role in secularism, and then discussed the necessities resulting from adopting those principles and the extent of their impact on secularism, mentioning, in this concern, individualism and relativity.
In a new modern method, the study deals with the issue of logical fallacies, which comes second to proof-making in terms of logical importance. In fact, it is even more important for that we much more face it in our daily life, and... more
In a new modern method, the study deals with the issue of logical fallacies, which comes second to proof-making in terms of logical importance. In fact, it is even more important for that we much more face it in our daily life, and because of its intellectual and social consequences and repercussions. We have got to present new classifications of fallacy-making differ from what is found in the books of Aristotelian logic, where we turned away from the famous classification of subjective fallacies into verbal and moral ones, and replaced with two divisions: conceptual and confirmational fallacies, and then we divided each division into formal and material fallacies, which, in total, represent the forms of deviation from all logical laws that were classified previously. Thus, logical fallacies became more consistent with logic and the laws of conceptual and confirmational thinking at both of formal and material levels. The other thing that has made this study so important is the detailing of the second section of fallacy created by Sheikh al-Tousi and called, by him, as incidental fallacy. All other logicians followed his method in this concern after his death. At the end of the article, we concluded, in brief, that bad consequences of fallacies that are harmful to human thought and human society, to show how dangerous they are to our life.
The relationship between science and religion is one of the important topics in the philosophy of religion. There are four theories on the explanation of this relationship: the theory of “contradiction between science and religion,” the... more
The relationship between science and religion is one of the important topics in the philosophy of religion. There are four theories on the explanation of this relationship: the theory of “contradiction between science and religion,” the theory of “the differentiation of science and religion,” the theory of “the intersection of science and religion,” and the theory of “the marriage of science and religion.” In this article, we shed light on the theory of the marriage of science and religion, and see that the relationship between them is a coordinate, complementary relationship. There is no doubt of the many intersections of science and religion; science has discovered the secrets of nature in the light of the development of natural and experimental sciences, revealing new dimensions of the scientific miracles of the definitive Religious Text. The development of modern natural sciences explains to us some of the wisdom hidden behind some of worship rituals. And among the services of religion to science is that Religion invites for contemplating and thinking thoroughly about cosmic facts, stimulating minds, and encouraging people to search and study the secrets of all things in the world of nature, and moreover, to offer secrets of natural sciences and open new horizons of knowledge for scientists and scholars that have not been preceded by any human science.The method followed in this article is the analytical rational method.
The study discusses the ontological dimensions that the Wise Creator has put in human beings to distinguish them from other beings, and it shows how these dimensions have impact on man’s commitment to religion, and how they themselves are... more
The study discusses the ontological dimensions that the Wise Creator has put in human beings to distinguish them from other beings, and it shows how these dimensions have impact on man’s commitment to religion, and how they themselves are affected by religion as well. The study concludes that there is a mutual complementary relationship between these two matters by giving an introduction explaining the concept of religious knowledge and human dimensions, showing that man has fixed facts, and discussing the role of these dimensions in shaping the system of religious knowledge and the role of religious knowledge in forming those dimensions and determining their functions. So, the study explains two facts; the analysis of man’s reality and the impact of religion on man’s perfection.The approach followed in this study is the rational analytical approach alongside with the traditional approach. This is because the result in this study depends on the observation of rational and logical data beside the observation of traditional standards as well. The cognitive dispersion we are undergoing with the discrepancy of goals, methods and behavior drives man to know the standards through which man can find the right way of thinking, and then know the final goal that he must get to; and consequently, the right path that man follows in this life shall be clear.
The great scientific development and its consequent results in the field of technology in recent times, led some people to go too far in defining the ability of science to answer all man’s basic questions. So, they believed that science... more
The great scientific development and its consequent results in the field of technology in recent times, led some people to go too far in defining the ability of science to answer all man’s basic questions. So, they believed that science would be able be an alternative to religion in presenting a full worldview. This article tries to compare between the worldview coming out of science and the one that religion leads to, in order to provide a deeper picture of the issue of the relationship between science and religion; for the worldview coming out of science suffers from epistemological problems that refute its sufficiency to play the role of the main source that could meet man’s cognitive needs and draw to him the outlines of his life. It is an incomplete view that does not care about all man’s basic aspects, and it is not safe enough to conform with reality. As for religion, according to a systematic religious knowledge and being based on the philosophy of man’s existence, it offers a complete, comprehensive and certain worldview that answers all man’s basic questions and covers all aspects of his life. This view also explains some facts in the history of science, such as the scientific renaissance in Europe and the scientific backwardness of Muslims after they had experienced the golden scientific age.
Some periods in the history of Islam witnessed a semi-rupture between religious thought and reason, resulted from the absence of philosophical and rational approaches that let the way wide open for the predominance of theological thought... more
Some periods in the history of Islam witnessed a semi-rupture between religious thought and reason, resulted from the absence of philosophical and rational approaches that let the way wide open for the predominance of theological thought with its justificatory tendency. Despite the appearance of new rationalistic aspects in the form of new I'tizal (seclusionism) tendencies, they were not sufficient to bridge the rift between reason and religion, and the best example on the new I'tizal is Taha Abdurrahman, who combined logic with linguistics on the one hand, and heritage (turath) with modern studies n the other, through a critical study of heritage, using the latest tools of scientific criticism, due to his specialization in the studies of philosophy of religion beside his writing on the reason-religion duality. We try, in this article, to discuss the opinions of Taha Abdurrahman in the process of his analysis of the concept of reason and its role in religious knowledge. One of the most important results we have got at is that Taha Abdurrahman, concerning reason and its area, focuses on the framework of practical practice and the use of reason, not on theoretical and subjective limits of abstract reason. It means that all of what he has mentioned relates to the thinker not thinking, and relates to the rational person and the process of reasoning, not to reason itself, and the difference between them is so vast.
In dealing with unoriginal human sciences, Muslim scholars have followed three approaches: 1-Acceptance in a manner of selection, criticism and production. 2-Acceptance in a manner of arbitrary picking of data and facts. 3-The production... more
In dealing with unoriginal human sciences, Muslim scholars have followed three approaches: 1-Acceptance in a manner of selection, criticism and production. 2-Acceptance in a manner of arbitrary picking of data and facts. 3-The production of religious science, which appeared eighty years ago and started its way towards development. We think that religious science is based on four elements: basics, methodology, orientation and wisdom functions. Our approach is firstly based on studying what earlier and contemporary scholars proposed, showing their strengths and weaknesses, and then we offered the wisdom-discretion method in the production of human sciences. This approach confirms that, in addition to basics and resources, a new approach is necessary in this concern. We think that scholars of humanities, such as sociology, political sciences, economics, administrative science and psychology, can, by making use of this approach, theorize and establish Islamic humanities. The wisdom-ijtihad (discretion) method is a completely comprehensive one due to three strategic symmetrical ijtihadi (discretional) kinds with three tasks undertaken by modern human sciences: the first stage of the ijtihad strategy describes the pet person. In its second stage, discretionary (ijtihadi) strategy is concerned with the description of the actually existed person. As for criticizing the actually existed person leading him to be a favorite person, it is the function of the third discretionary strategy. Of course, we cannot overlook the role of reason that has a special use and position in addition to the wisdom approach.In this article, we try to introduce the wisdom-discretion approach to know how to use it in the process of the production of the humanities.
Alienation is among the topics of anthropology that thinkers of different walks have been concerned to study and research on. Many opinions have been put forward about what alienation is and how it has been formed, based on the view that... more
Alienation is among the topics of anthropology that thinkers of different walks have been concerned to study and research on. Many opinions have been put forward about what alienation is and how it has been formed, based on the view that each trend takes about the nature and reality of man. On this basis, the current study, according to an analytical, descriptive approach, sheds light on the reality and nature of alienation by studying and analyzing the various definitions given about this concept.Based on many Qur’anic verses and Prophetic traditions, it can be said that the reality of man is man’s essence itself, which is expressed by “I (ego)” and “myself”, and that the elevation and loftiness of this fact has a relationship with the extent of man’s connection with God. So, if someone forgets God, he shall be alien and forget even himself. It is from this point of view that alienation should be studied, starting with alienation from God. This has been confirmed by all teachings of heavenly religions, especially Islam, which has established a clear path for man’s perfection and for the treatment of self-alienation.
Perfect finality that accompanies the existence of man who looks for his essence and his true affiliation, does not come except through a divine worldview comprehending all aesthetic perfections, to which (divine worldview) the series of... more
Perfect finality that accompanies the existence of man who looks for his essence and his true affiliation, does not come except through a divine worldview comprehending all aesthetic perfections, to which (divine worldview) the series of longitudinal causes ends and the potentials needs to exist and to continue in existence. It is this divine worldview that reason appeals to under a structural authority in order to establish an ideology that contributes to diagnosing the beginning and the end of its movement. This structural authority that deals with the authentic methods of the divine worldview and answers the problems that try to exclude some of them from structural authority by studying its principles and its cognitive limits. Finally, we get to know the basic elements of this authority, which represent the authenticity of the structural authority of rational approaches and show that there is no incompatibility between the rational approach and the traditional approach. In this study, the author follows the analytical, descriptive, and finally critical method to find out the reality of the structural authority if the divine worldview.
One of the new issues appeared in the arena of both religious thought and scientific thought is the issue of human cloning, which is considered as one of the most important medical scientific achievements in the last century. At a later... more
One of the new issues appeared in the arena of both religious thought and scientific thought is the issue of human cloning, which is considered as one of the most important medical scientific achievements in the last century. At a later period, there was another scientific achievement in the field of stem cells, where many questions were raised at the intellectual level in this field, such as the legality of benefiting from this modern technology, in addition to some doctrinal problems related to creatorism, besides many other questions raised by scholars about the scientific religious approach established by Islamic scholars to answer these questions on such new topics. Some scholars have offered answers to these doctrinal problems objectively and clearly. They concluded that this scientific development does not contradict religious theological view about Creation and the Creator, and does not raise a problem from the legal (religious) point of view as well. We have decided to study the truth of this topic scientifically, showing the position of religion scholars about it, and proving that religion does not oppose scientific development, especially the matt human cloning; because it does not contradict the limitation of creation without a previous substance to God Almighty.
One of the essential pillars of Islam is the care for man's human aspects, and the most important elements of which are the cognitive and emotional sides. And these two sides represent the cornerstone of the behavioral aspect. The... more
One of the essential pillars of Islam is the care for man's human aspects, and the most important elements of which are the cognitive and emotional sides. And these two sides represent the cornerstone of the behavioral aspect. The cognitive dimension develops beliefs, and the more your cognitive dimension is based on mental proofs, the more sober man's beliefs shall be. The same is said about the emotional aspect represented by morals, that whenever the emotional aspect is inspired by human values and principles that Islam has declared, morals shall be high and shall not be affected by alien moralities. Also, with regard to the behavioral aspect, whenever a person relies on demonstrative reason and the values and principles stipulated by the Sharia, he shall be more sober-minded, preserving the rights of individuals and society. As for cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects according to humanists, they depend on material matters that lead to relative knowledge. In the cognitive aspect, empirical reason is adopted to lead to relative knowledge. In the emotional aspect; humanists see that values and principles in societies are at one level and there is no difference between them; as they differ according to different cultures of societies. And as for the behavioral aspect-because of cognitive and emotional aspects-it is natural to see phenomena that contradict human nature; therefore, man behaves beastly and lustfully because of the exclusion of religion and reason in daily life.
The question of creation and its explanation is one of the most important questions that have preoccupied man's mind since old times. Man tried to explain all phenomena in the universe through the cognitive approaches and tools he had,... more
The question of creation and its explanation is one of the most important questions that have preoccupied man's mind since old times. Man tried to explain all phenomena in the universe through the cognitive approaches and tools he had, and justified the existence of the world and its phenomena according to these approaches. Theologians relied on the tool of reason to prove the First Cause and Wise Creator Who had created all creatures. In contrast, materialists relied on the materialistic approach in explaining the emergence of the universe and all its phenomena, so they said that either the world ha come into existence by chance, or it was matter that had created all things from nothing. In this article, we try to discuss this problem through the descriptive and analytical approach according to the approaches and thoughts of both theologians and materialists. Through the study, it has appeared that the arguments, established by theologians to prove the existence of the Creator of this world, are true and perfect, whereas the arguments, established by materialists to prove their claim, are false.
The matter of life after death is one of the important matters that have preoccupied man’s mind since ancient times. Every person feels within himself how eager he is to know the world after death, and what shall happen to him then. All... more
The matter of life after death is one of the important matters that have preoccupied man’s mind since ancient times. Every person feels within himself how eager he is to know the world after death, and what shall happen to him then. All religions have argued that man should survive after death, except that they differed in the way of his survival. Some think that man remains purely physical; for they believe that the reality of man is based on body only, whereas some others believe that man only remain spiritually; for they see the corruption of human body after death and see the impossibility of reconstructing that structure as it has been before death. Others have argued that both soul and body remain together in the world after death, meaning that the Resurrection is both physical and spiritual at the same time. But as for empiricists, they sometimes infer from near death experiment that there is life after. Near death experiment is temporary death experienced by some people who moved to the world after death, and upon their return to this world, they talked about the facts and events they met there. However, some philosophers have made use of rational arguments to prove the existence of the world after death.
The article talks about imitation (taqlid) in religious beliefs : must the beliefs, which man adopts, be based on the basis of reasoning and inference, or that imitation is permissible in these beliefs? Is it necessary to have certainty... more
The article talks about imitation (taqlid) in religious beliefs : must the beliefs, which man adopts, be based on the basis of reasoning and inference, or that imitation is permissible in these beliefs? Is it necessary to have certainty in religious beliefs, or conjecture is sufficient? If assuming that certainty is necessary, then, what is meant by certainty? Is it the dogmatic belief that conforms to reality, or every dogmatic thing, whether it conforms to reality or not? Is there a correlation between the opinion that sees the permissibility of imitation in beliefs and the other which sees that conjecture is sufficient (concerning beliefs)? In this study, we discuss the limits of this topic whether or not it covers everything related to beliefs. And through the topics discussed in the study, it can be concluded that the essential point is the necessity of searching for religious beliefs and getting to certainty from certain evidence. However, if ordinary people put aside the getting to certainty from certain evidence-even though they are required to get to it-due to their lack of understanding, it would be sufficient for them to be considered faithful when they feel certain of the true beliefs that they obtain through imitation (taqlid) or simple innate evidence.
The study aims at sifting through the topic of the Sacred, in order to show what may distinguish it from everything else, and to question the real Sacred and distinguish it from any other. The study has come into an introduction, four... more
The study aims at sifting through the topic of the Sacred, in order to show what may distinguish it from everything else, and to question the real Sacred and distinguish it from any other. The study has come into an introduction, four sections, and a conclusion. The introduction talks about the features of the study in general. The first section explains the most important terms related to the main topic, whereas the second section mentions the sources and origins of sanctification, and the most important theories in this regard. The third section discusses the specifications of the sacred and the most important results that can come out of sanctification. The last section is a discussion on the standards of sanctification and its reality, besides the central role of reason in digging deep in the topic of the sacred.
The public path that must be followed in order to reach the stage of protecting society against atheism is achieved by making people wise. The more we work to expand the circle of wise people in society, the less area through which... more
The public path that must be followed in order to reach the stage of protecting society against atheism is achieved by making people wise. The more we work to expand the circle of wise people in society, the less area through which atheists can have influence on people’s souls and minds. In this way, the number of those who follow corrupt and deviate atheistic thoughts would be less and lesser.“Wise people” here means those who know well the rules of true thinking firstly, apply them in place to get to the true doctrinal knowledge secondly, and to confirm them in their souls thirdly; so that these would be effective in the situation of motivation and will. In this case, it is man himself who controls and manages his soul in both his perceptual and motivational aspects, and directs himself, in his thoughts, desires and actions, towards his final goal as a human being to reach his sought cognitive and behavioral perfection in this worldly life.
There is no doubt that there are strong challenges against the theory of knowledge (epistemology), which is the basis of founding the worldview, upon which all sciences depend, besides its essential role in man's happiness. The most... more
There is no doubt that there are strong challenges against the theory of knowledge (epistemology), which is the basis of founding the worldview, upon which all sciences depend, besides its essential role in man's happiness. The most serious challenges against this theory are those in Western philosophy. In this study, we try, through a critical analytical approach, to present the most important of these challenges in contemporary philosophy represented by phenomenological philosophy, and show the nature of these challenges, which form another reading of the relationship between mind and reality. As phenomenological philosophy deals with mind, the self, and the transcendental ego, and abandons reality. This, in fact, is exclusion of the demonstrative mind's role in Moreover, phenomenology denies metaphysics that deals with abstract phenomena that cannot be realized through consciousness or feeling. Hence, true scientific knowledge is the knowledge of immutable essences, that are actually perceived by consciousness or feeling. And finally, we try to criticize Husserl's phenomenological philosophy.
The article discusses a certain aspect of an issue that has been the topic of various problems, centered on the role of religion in human life, and whether or not man really needs religion to build true beliefs. The study relies on the... more
The article discusses a certain aspect of an issue that has been the topic of various problems, centered on the role of religion in human life, and whether or not man really needs religion to build true beliefs. The study relies on the data coming out of the rational approach. A set of religious texts has been quoted as a guide in this way. Since the mere occurrence of belief is useless without being practicable in the man's worldly life, so the study discusses another point related to the central problem that deals with the role of religion in adopting that certain belief and acting according to it in daily life. At the end, the study gets to proving the big role of religion in both points.
Atheism is the deviation from integrity and the denial of the existence of God Almighty, monotheism and Islam. Even though that man has been created with the pure nature of Islam, he might incline to atheism because of some reasons and... more
Atheism is the deviation from integrity and the denial of the existence of God Almighty, monotheism and Islam. Even though that man has been created with the pure nature of Islam, he might incline to atheism because of some reasons and motives. However, the phenomenon of atheism was available at the time of the Ahlul-Bayt (peace be on them), but its general characteristics, at that time, were sensualism and naturalism, and that knowledge was limited to senses, imagination, and rationality tainted by illusion and imagination, emphasizing man's physical aspects. Heretics and atheists denied the existence of the Creator, after denying the creation of the possible world, making use of imaginary and illusory reason. The Ahlul-Bayt (peace be on them), as being the scientific reference then, responded to atheism at their time in many ways, in order to undertake their duty of guiding humanity toward perfection. In this task, the Infallible Imams (peace be on them) followed ethical and rational methods. By ethical methods, we mean giving the chance to atheists to ask questions and offer their suspicions, without criticizing an atheist's personality, but his arguments. Rational methods, both conceptual and contextual, can be summarized into the provocative approach, avoiding of possible harm, making use of rational and logical rules, with emphasizing the principle of causality, and reasoning according to the self arguments, quoting the proofs the human self, referring to it and establishing clear evidence by making use of empirical sciences to prove the existence of the Creator and refute atheism.
Humanism is an intellectual doctrine, resulting from the age of enlightenment and renaissance. It emphasizes man's significance and centrality rather than God Almighty. This doctrine relies on empirical reason, rejecting all other... more
Humanism is an intellectual doctrine, resulting from the age of enlightenment and renaissance. It emphasizes man's significance and centrality rather than God Almighty. This doctrine relies on empirical reason, rejecting all other cognitive tools. Therefore, it rejects metaphysics, and instead, it focuses of man's personal freedom. Deism is a doctrinal situation that believes in God and that He is the Creator of the world, but it denies His relation with the world through revelation, mission and prophets. It sees that God has created the universe and left alone, without asking human beings to abide by faith or religion. In this article, we discuss the relationship between humanism and deism by showing the flaws and problems of both of these doctrines, which lead to a wrong view about the relationship between God and man, through the deification of man, abolition of the supremacy of God, and the denial of the prophets' missions. In addition to that, we criticize absolute personal freedom that is not controlled by any restrictions or conditions. On the other hand, we show the true nature of religions in understanding the relationship between God and the world, and that centrality is for God Almighty. Moreover,  the study assures the necessity of sending prophets with divine missions to nations, and that freedom must be controlled by the divine teachings. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the study has followed the critical, analytical approach.
In this article, we shed light on the concept of humanism, which has begun to take root in Western thought, especially in the age of Renaissance and afterward. We have mentioned the most important historical roots, principles and premises... more
In this article, we shed light on the concept of humanism, which has begun to take root in Western thought, especially in the age of Renaissance and afterward. We have mentioned the most important historical roots, principles and premises adopted by the followers of this trend to build their cognitive base. However, the trend is not free from cognitive problems that affect man's lifestyle and thinking, as it focuses on man, pays too much attention to him and considers him the axis of everything, while leaving away the centrality of God Almighty in the universe. This movement pays most attention to the material side of man and ignores his spiritual side. It works to maintain man's happiness in this worldly live rather than the afterlife, relying on experimental, instrumental reason, trying through which to exclude religion and revelation from man's daily life and thinking. Accordingly, we have no way but to care for all man's existential and epistemological aspects, which, certainly, are not limited to his material sides only, but rather his spiritual sides, since he has been created by God Almighty and would return to Him.
Nowadays, we are facing intellectual and political currents, standing against accordance and compliance among peoples and nations, which might justify some strategists’ speculations of the inevitability of the clash of civilizations. This... more
Nowadays, we are facing intellectual and political currents, standing against accordance and compliance among peoples and nations, which might justify some strategists’ speculations of the inevitability of the clash of civilizations. This means that we shall be governed by the law of chaos in this respect. Our study wants to shed light on the possibility of cognitive communication according to what Muslim scholars see, focusing on analyzing the way in which language and concept can mediate in our dialogue, where language mediates between communicators. We have called this as traditional and moral communication, but when concept mediates between communicators, we have called it as real and philosophical communication. So, the concept of cognitive communication is a common statement between communicators. Based on the invention of language, the value of traditional communication is inventive, which has led philosophers to follow demonstrative communication as an alternative, where the value shall be universal and fixed, provided that there would a mutual influence between them that could leave an impact on their value. We have deducted, from the concept of intuition, the principle of methodological objectivity, and we also have established the principle of methodological plurality out of social upbringing that manipulates the properties of concepts; so, intuitive concepts have changed to theoretical ones, and theoretical concepts have changed to intuitive ones. These two are exclusive in this article, through which we claim the possibility of solving philosophical communication crises.
The article discusses an important topic related to the subject of freedom in the human and the religious thought, through studying the limits of one of the most important items of the concept of freedom, that is the freedom of expression... more
The article discusses an important topic related to the subject of freedom in the human and the religious thought, through studying the limits of one of the most important items of the concept of freedom, that is the freedom of expression as one of the basic freedoms established for man. Human law and religious law perform two basic functions concerning the freedom of expression; the first is to secure this freedom against the actions that harm it, and this is done by considering any form of aggression against this kind of freedom as a crime. And the second is to prevent individuals from violating the permitted and lawful limits of exercising the freedom of expression. In fact, the violation of the freedom of expression leads to criminal responsibility. And through human and religious law, a balance is achieved between the interest of individuals and the interest of society, for the protection of man and society constitute the purpose of any legal legislation. At the same time, it preserves society and keeps it safe and secure. So, this article tries to establish the areas and limits of the freedom of expression and put it in its proper context. Through the study, it has become clear to us that both the humanitarian law and the Islamic law agree on protecting the freedom of expression.
The time period between the third and fifth century AH, of the Twelver Shiite theology has been known as the “systematic transformation” stage, as this stage has witnessed a qualitative change in the deductive approach in theology. Sheikh... more
The time period between the third and fifth century AH, of the Twelver Shiite theology has been known as the “systematic transformation” stage, as this stage has witnessed a qualitative change in the deductive approach in theology. Sheikh al-Mufid and Sayyid al-Murtadha had a big role in establishing this so-called “systematic transformation” stage with its features and foundations. In this stage, syllogism was a general standard in most of theological studies. From the most important reasons that led to the development in the tools of the theological approach at that stage was the suitable ground that encouraged rational topics and studies in the Twelver Shiite thought, thanks to a good group of Shiite theologians, who had inherited scientific legacy in theological researches from the theologians of the [religious] Text Era. And also because of the common belief among the theologians of that stage that there was no legal prohibition against the benefiting from these cognitive tools in doctrinal fields, as long as they were rational tools acknowledged by human mind. In this article, we shed light on the role of Sheikh al-Mufid and Sayyid al-Murtadha in developing the mechanisms of theological reasoning. In this study, we make use if the descriptive, analytical approach.
The problem of evil in Christian theology has occupied a large area in discussions as an issue related to the Almighty God. It has a close relation with the existence of God and his attributes of knowledge, all-capability and wisdom.... more
The problem of evil in Christian theology has occupied a large area in discussions as an issue related to the Almighty God. It has a close relation with the existence of God and his attributes of knowledge, all-capability and wisdom. Moreover, it has caused one of the suspicions to the religious system in general, and on Christian theology in particular. Therefore, many attempts were made in Christian theology to deal with this problem and show that it is inconsistent with the belief that there is a god who is All-Knowing, Wise, Just, Merciful. However, there are different theories trying to solve this problem in Christian theology and other monotheistic religions. Perhaps the most prominent theories in this concern are the Doctrine of Sin, the theory of Divine Providence, and Theodism, in addition to other theories, such as the theory of Open Faith and the theory of Human Free Will. In this study, we have followed the inductive-analytical approach in reviewing the theories and trying seriously to analyze them, in order to get to the theory that could be the closest to theological conception for solving the problem. Maybe the best theory offered as a solution to this problem is the theory of nonexistence of evil, which is accepted by both the philosophers and theologians. It also adopted by Islamic philosophy and some Islamic theologians, besides the theory of Divine Providence.
This study tries to compare between two thoughts of two followers of Darwinism in the field of evolutionary genetics. The first one is Richard Dawkins, who attempted, by making use of the theory of evolution and genetics, to make his... more
This study tries to compare between two thoughts of two followers of Darwinism in the field of evolutionary genetics. The first one is Richard Dawkins, who attempted, by making use of the theory of evolution and genetics, to make his readers to deny the existence of God and be atheists. The other one is Francis Collins, who tried his best, by making use of those sciences, to defend the faith in God and monotheistic evolutionary doctrine. It is worth to mention that both of these two personalities are Neo-Darwinists, and both of them underwent atheism, but with the difference that the first one has become the most famous atheist in the world and the biggest authority to whom it is referred in this matter, whereas the second one has abandoned atheism to become one of the hard defenders of the faith in God.By comparing the views of these two scientists, we will get to two conclusions: the first is that the theory of evolution is neither atheistic nor theistic in itself. The second conclusion is the possibility of combining Darwin’s evolution with creationism and getting to the monotheistic evolution theory, as done by some scholars like Collins.
God has created man, perfected his creation, made him His deputy on earth, honored him and favored him over all other creatures. The loftiest sign of this honoring was that God had given man a great opportunity to be perfect and ready for... more
God has created man, perfected his creation, made him His deputy on earth, honored him and favored him over all other creatures. The loftiest sign of this honoring was that God had given man a great opportunity to be perfect and ready for creativity, and be spiritually and morally sublime. In order for man to get to this high rank, God has imposed a set of obligations upon him, and revealed to him a set of teachings and commandments to do, and ordered him to avoid doing many things else. The Holy Qur'an is full of divine obligations and prohibitions. Opposite to these obligations, orders and prohibitions, many questions have been raised about their viability and purposes. Are they inconsistent with human reason and the nature of human life, or not? How can they, with their fixed patterns, comply with all ages and coincide with different times? There are many answers to these questions, especially the question of obligation as an integral part of the religious system firstly, and secondly, the relevance of this question to the explanation of Divine action and the philosophy of the actual characteristic of God, and its connection with the urgent questions and contemporary spurious arguments that have accompanied legislation, religious rulings, and divine obligations, thirdly.
Quantum explanation of the divine act is one of the many explanations that have been put forward through recent decades to explain special divine actions in nature, such as miracles. Although the divine act, according to this explanation,... more
Quantum explanation of the divine act is one of the many explanations that have been put forward through recent decades to explain special divine actions in nature, such as miracles. Although the divine act, according to this explanation, does not result in the violation of natural laws, but it makes the external world subject to its influence. So, this explanation has come to be among other explanations after being confirmed by many and in different ways, the most famous and popular one of which is John Robert Russell's. This article tries to give a brief introduction to quantum mechanics and the explanation suggested by the Copenhagen School for this mechanics. In addition, the article analyzes John Robert Russell's report on the quantum explanation of divine action, showing the most important objections to it, including its connection to a special explanation of quantum mechanics, and the fact that this claim is not evidenced and it just makes the problem more complicated. Although this explanation may give answers to some of the problems, it is not possible to accept them in their present form; because the direct influence of God on nature is not possible according to the famous foundations in Islamic philosophy.
One of the issues put forward for discussion in the philosophy of religion in our contemporary world is the problem of the relation between science and religion and the contradiction that appears between them. This matter is one of the... more
One of the issues put forward for discussion in the philosophy of religion in our contemporary world is the problem of the relation between science and religion and the contradiction that appears between them. This matter is one of the problems that have occupied the scholars and thinkers' minds since the Western Renaissance at least. It has occupied an important and serious position in the studies that tried to find a solution to this problem. This article tries to provide a quick overall look at the most important issues related to this problem, following an analytical, critical approach, by giving a general discussion of the most important Western views that have dealt with and provided solutions to the problem of the relation between (experimental) science and (monotheism) religion, such as the opinion of the complete independence and distinction between science and religion, and the opinions of interaction and contradiction, and, then, offering the opinion that can be adopted as a solution to this problem.
The issue of evil is one of the serious arguments cited by the atheist movement to prove the non-existence of God. Philosophers and theologians have tried to give an answer to this question throughout the ages. Western philosophy used to... more
The issue of evil is one of the serious arguments cited by the atheist movement to prove the non-existence of God. Philosophers and theologians have tried to give an answer to this question throughout the ages. Western philosophy used to adopt apologetic and theodistic answer that proved divine justice, whereas Islamic philosophy had its own way between proving and denying the existence of evil through evidences and arguments. Moral Perceptions Theory is one of the important theories that did not discuss the existence or non-existence of evil, but rather, the theory discussed the origin of evil and showed its reality and nature. Although the theory proves the morality of a number of concepts, these concepts have many implications in reality. As this theory paves the way for a new perspective and a new answer to the question of evil and its existence in the world, the moral existence of evil does not contradict the logical question of evil or the divine existence. The article discusses the problem of evil through showing it in Western and Islamic philosophy, and then discusses the theory of moral perceptions, defining its origins, pillars and mechanism. Then, through the descriptive, analytical approach, the article explans of how to give an answer to the problem of evil through the theory of moral perceptions.
Nowadays, scholars and philosophers, who are enthusiastic for science, try their best to make scientism as a basis for contemporary man's culture. These efforts are often accompanied by persistent efforts made by the pioneers of... more
Nowadays, scholars and philosophers, who are enthusiastic for science, try their best to make scientism as a basis for contemporary man's culture. These efforts are often accompanied by persistent efforts made by the pioneers of contemporary atheism to exploit this tendency, which is strongly supported by atheists, in order to confirm their worldview. The main purpose of this study is not to trace the consequences that may inflict man's existence and fate because of such a worldview, but it will focus on criticizing the logical and epistemological foundations, upon which such attempts and efforts are based, in order to show the defect of scientism as a basis for the attempts of obliterating religion, deluding man, and abolishing the independence of human sciences.
There is a serious conflict between reason and faith since the Age of Enlightenment until present era. In order to show the relation between reason and religion, British mathematician "William Clifford" proposed the theory of... more
There is a serious conflict between reason and faith since the Age of Enlightenment until present era. In order to show the relation between reason and religion, British mathematician "William Clifford" proposed the theory of "Evidentialism". Based on this theory, religious beliefs cannot be accepted unless sufficient evidences and indications are established to support and confirm them; otherwise, they are rejected. The belief in anything is false if it is not based on sufficient evidences, arguments and indications. Evidentialism rejects the plausibility of religious beliefs and holds that they do not have sufficient rational evidences. There is a countertheory to Evidentialism called "Fideism". It emphasizes that religious doctrinal system is not subject to rational evaluation. So, every effort and attempt to prove religious beliefs by rational evidence, like proving the belief in the existence of God, would fail; because the field of religious beliefs is not a field for reason and reasoning. However, the domain of religious beliefs is not but love, emotions and feelings. In this study, we discuss both theories of Evidentialism and Fideism, following the analytical rational approach. we criticize and evaluate them, and then suggest moderate rationalism instead.
Since the first centuries, the viewpoints of Islamic thinkers about determining the relation between reason and transmission (of Hadith) have diversified. Consequently, various trends have appeared in the scientific arena, from extremist... more
Since the first centuries, the viewpoints of Islamic thinkers about determining the relation between reason and transmission (of Hadith) have diversified. Consequently, various trends have appeared in the scientific arena, from extremist textual trend, extremist rational trend to the moderate rational textual trend. Each one of them tried to determine the kind of the relation between them on the methodological foundations in which they believe. The questions being discussed here are the following: What position reason has in religious texts? How can we benefit from religious texts to enrich reason? Through the descriptive, analytical approach, we have tried to answer these questions. We have concluded that legal texts reject the extremist textual trend, and do not support the extremist rational trend, but rather, they adopt the third trend which says that fixed transmission and evidentiary reason are both divine arguments. The first is an apparent argument and the second is an esoteric argument, for religion is sometime demonstrated through reason, and other time, by transmission. However, in many questions and partial branches, reason needs religious texts.
The issue of mind and mental states and the relation between them is one of the most important and complicated issues that have occupied contemporary philosophers of mind. Many important questions have been raised in this concern, such... more
The issue of mind and mental states and the relation between them is one of the most important and complicated issues that have occupied contemporary philosophers of mind. Many important questions have been raised in this concern, such as: Is mind or soul a material reality or it is beyond matter? Are mental states the same as brain states, or they are different and immaterial? Philosophers have so widely differed on answering these questions. In this study, we discuss the opinions of Islamic and Western philosophical schools on this subject in a comparative method. Muslim philosophers have agreed on the abstractness of the soul and the states of the soul, and that these states are symptoms of the existence of mental essence or its affairs. But as for Western philosophers, they emphasize man’s duality and the abstractness of mind. in contrast, there is a large number of Western philosophers who, despite their agreement in their physical and material view about mind, differ extensively in the details of that. It is worth mentioning that physicalism leads to consequences and effects on personal identity and the purpose of creation and life after death.
One of the most important sources on which human beings rely on for cognitive construction is rational argument. This argument has been the subject where a large number of scholars and researchers debate on. Some of them deny it, whereas... more
One of the most important sources on which human beings rely on for cognitive construction is rational argument. This argument has been the subject where a large number of scholars and researchers debate on. Some of them deny it, whereas others believe in it and rely on it in their works. As a result, this argument has become the subject of continuous deliberation among Muslim scholars, whether or not to make use of it for deriving the legal sub-rulings. Sunni scholars depend on it, although it would not lead to certainty. However, they resort to analogy, approval and public welfare, whereas Twelver Shiite scholars deny the probable rational argument with all its sub-divisions, following the true traditions transmitted to them from their imams. Yet, they differ on that which leads to certainty (concerning rational argument). So, some deny it, like the Akhbarites (traditionalists), and others take it as one of the sources of legislation for deriving legal rulings, such as the Usulites.Because of the importance of the topic, we have tried, in this study, to shed light on this argument and show the point of disagreement between Twelver Shiite scholars, quoting the sayings, arguments and discussions of both parties, and then, getting to the right conclusion due to our own opinion. In all that, we have followed the inductive analytical approach. We have extrapolated the sayings of the scholars of both fundamentalist school and Akhbarite school as possible due to the limitation of the article, and then to judge between them.
This study tries to show the ranges and limits of reason concerning religious knowledge in Islamic thought from the viewpoint of the Islamic philosopher Sheikh al-Ra’ees Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna). The study attempts to give an answer to... more
This study tries to show the ranges and limits of reason concerning religious knowledge in Islamic thought from the viewpoint of the Islamic philosopher Sheikh al-Ra’ees Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna). The study attempts to give an answer to a basic question: What are the ranges and limits of reason in religious knowledge? According to Avicenna’s viewpoint, is it absolute or limited? If it is limited, are its limits divinely or humanly? The study gives answers to these questions, following the descriptive approach through showing a set of concepts related to conceptual principles. We also have followed the analytical approach, based on the divisions of knowledge and reason according to Avicenna, in order to define the kind of reason he had meant, and to know the ranges and limits of reason in the field of religious knowledge. Besides, the spurious arguments raised against this approach have been discussed and answered according to Avicenna’s principles. It has become clear, through the article, that reason has a basic position in the exploration of religious knowledge that comes within the limits of reason.
This study deals with the foundations that help understand [religious] texts from the viewpoint of Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. At first, an explanation is given in discussing the problem of understanding [religious] texts among Shiite... more
This study deals with the foundations that help understand [religious] texts from the viewpoint of Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. At first, an explanation is given in discussing the problem of understanding [religious] texts among Shiite scholars of Usul al-Fiqh, and among some Western hermeneutic scholars, in order to explore the most important fundamentals that they have set and the problems they have faced. After this, we turn to Shahid al-Sadr to see the rules he has put as a key to solving the problem of understanding [religious] texts. I have avoided lengthening, detailing and examples, especially when explaining the problem of understanding [religious] texts. Thus, I have followed an intensive manner in writing, referring readers to the sources I relied on, so that they might find whatever details and examples I have briefed. I did not assign a certain chapter for explaining the fundamentals of the West concerning the topic, but rather I referred very briefly to them here and there, because the goal of this article is to shed light on the rules of Sayyid Muhammad Biqir al-Sadr especially, mentioning six rules all together. I referred, in the footnotes, to some of their applications as mentioned in his own sayings.
In the past, all sciences came within a single philosophical framework. It was this framework that defined the ruling principles of each science. It was so until the advent of new science. However, with the appearance of experimental... more
In the past, all sciences came within a single philosophical framework. It was this framework that defined the ruling principles of each science. It was so until the advent of new science. However, with the appearance of experimental schools, that believed in no value but the data based on the senses, philosophy – and especially metaphysics – was removed from the circle of science. Yet, with the appearance of different schools in the philosophy of science in the second half of twentieth century, it became clear that we do not face nature with an empty mind, and that scientists make their efforts and develop their theories while having in mind some general (metaphysical) assumptions. Furthermore, experimental sciences cannot answer some questions raised within those sciences themselves. In order for those questions to be answered, they need a higher reference.In this article, and through showing the possibility and how metaphysical viewpoint would affect physical theorizing, we will point out that ruling principles over sciences can be taken from different philosophical schools, or from religions. In this concern, monotheistic religions can provide these principles in the easiest and most comprehensive way.
This article attempts to study, with a critical analytical approach, an important topic related to the question of the reality of religious faith. Faith is a voluntary heart inclination and belief, flowing from man’s knowledge and... more
This article attempts to study, with a critical analytical approach, an important topic related to the question of the reality of religious faith. Faith is a voluntary heart inclination and belief, flowing from man’s knowledge and awareness. In spite of the close relation between faith and knowledge, its essence is still different from the essence of science and knowledge.This look to the reality of faith in the Islamic awareness differs from what is said about it in the Christian awareness. In the article, two viewpoints on faith are discussed in light of Christian culture. The first is the viewpoint of the faith in cases, represented by Saint Thomas Aquinas, and the second is the viewpoint of the Will Doctrine represented by William James. As for Islamic culture, the viewpoints about the reality of religious faith, adopted by the Mu'tazilites, the Ash'arites and the Twelver Shia, have been talked about. However, the Islamic look to religious faith came to be different from that in Christian awareness; hence, the two should not be considered the same in both cultures.
This article discusses one of the contemporary topics that have been associated with modernity and post-modernity studies. It is the historicism of reason, in light of some viewpoints of Arab modernists who have tried to make use of this... more
This article discusses one of the contemporary topics that have been associated with modernity and post-modernity studies. It is the historicism of reason, in light of some viewpoints of Arab modernists who have tried to make use of this Western viewpoint in the Arab and Islamic intellectual arena. That which is meant by the historicism of reason is the changing and altering nature of reason; given that reason is not an absolute or abstract thing secluded outside of time and place, but rather, it is something completely associated with specific conditions and circumstances.The viewpoint undertaken by the followers of historicism of reason is based on a special view to reason, derived from Western thought, and it was set to be applied to language, the Quran, and Arab and Islamic thought. It is also based on a set of epistemological and ontological foundations. Following a descriptive and critical approach, the article discusses this viewpoint, trying to show its defects at both definition and foundations levels
The development and prosperity brought about by the laws and decisions legislated by the Western modernist mind have brought about many misconceptions and problems. Under the complexities and challenges faced by modern man, adhering to... more
The development and prosperity brought about by the laws and decisions legislated by the Western modernist mind have brought about many misconceptions and problems. Under the complexities and challenges faced by modern man, adhering to true religion and divine revelation – which had been the authority of legislation and codification for a thousand years – has led to abandonment of rationalism, especially modernist rationalism. On this basis, this paper, using an analytical-critical approach, sheds light on this misconception by addressing the modern mind with its implications and consequences. A comparison is also made with Islamic rationalism in its high position, characteristics and dimensions that uncover the falsehood being fabricated against the adherence to the divine revelation. Among the results we have reached in this article, the modernist mind has been plagued by serious problems caused by its own Western modernist followers themselves who had sought another form of rationality. Moreover, Islamic rationalism, in general, does not oppose the consequences of modernist rationalism after revising its epistemological and practical problems
The research on the truth of religious faith and how it is formed is one of the topics that have drawn the attention of thinkers for a long time. In recent decades, this topic has received a special interest by scientism philosophers.... more
The research on the truth of religious faith and how it is formed is one of the topics that have drawn the attention of thinkers for a long time. In recent decades, this topic has received a special interest by scientism philosophers. Some of these philosophers, who presumed that man was nothing but a materialist being –along with his characteristics, such as faith and awareness– have tried to find natural explanations of religious faith. In this paper, I will explain this from two dimensions: a neurobiological explanation and a socio-psychological explanation. I will then analyse and criticise these explanations. I have argued that they are not compatible with scientific standards. Finally, I give a religious-oriented explanation of the reality of faith and how it is formed. In this explanation, faith is classified into true faith and false faith, whether or not the thing believed in is real. It is emphasised on that any kind of explanation of truth and how faith is formed would be incomplete when this classification is not taken into consideration.
In this article I will show that there are many sources, through which one can get to religious knowledge, relying on the logical deductive approach, along with the deportments of reasonable people that have been confirmed by reliable... more
In this article I will show that there are many sources, through which one can get to religious knowledge, relying on the logical deductive approach, along with the deportments of reasonable people that have been confirmed by reliable tradition.One of those sources is reason, like in knowing the fundamentals of religious doctrines, such as the existence of the Creator, His attributes and oneness, resurrection, prophethood, general imamate, and also some practical rulings, like morals.Other sources are perception and the transmission of traditions (hadith) from the infallibles (authority), because the infallible authority has taken knowledge from its original source, that is revelation and inspiration, and then it has been transmitted from him to us, either directly from him by senses, or through reliable transmission.The sources of religious knowledge are: “sensual, reason, inspiration, revelation, authority.”Through this article, I conclude that these sources are within the circle of the sources of human knowledge, and interrupting any one of them means the interruption of human axiomatic knowledge of human beings; and consequently, nothing shall be safe!
While the holy Qur’an is “a clarification of everything, guidance, mercy, and good tidings for Muslims” [Surat Al-Nahl: 89], it is natural, or inevitably, that it includes many concepts and terms leading humankind to the guidance and... more
While the holy Qur’an is “a clarification of everything, guidance, mercy, and good tidings for Muslims” [Surat Al-Nahl: 89], it is natural, or inevitably, that it includes many concepts and terms leading humankind to the guidance and mercy of Almighty God.Because we as Muslims believe that religious text, represented by the holy Qur’an, has come in this way, it is therefore obligatory for researchers to do their best to explore its verses, in order to get to its cognitive and intellectual implications of the many questions directly related to man’s life and the different stages of his development. Perhaps, the most important of these questions is to know the skill of developing man’s apparent and hidden capabilities.Accordingly, in this study I attempt to discuss the intellectual dimension of the aspects of skill according to the viewpoint of reliable religious text (the holy Qur’an). This is because I believe that the problem of research lies in identifying the indicators of the special aspects of skill, when these aspects are closely related to man’s movement and action at both theoretical and practical levels. The study hypothesis has tried to fulfill this task through intellectually differentiating between the subjective and objective aspects of skill; in order to know what has already been and what should be.

And 23 more